Socio-ecological systems refer to the complex interactions between social systems (such as communities, institutions, and individuals) and ecological systems (such as ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources). This research area focuses on understanding how these two systems are interconnected and how they influence each other. Researchers in this field study how human activities, such as urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction, impact the environment and natural ecosystems. They also examine how changes in the environment, such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution, affect human societies and communities. By studying socio-ecological systems, researchers aim to develop strategies and policies that promote sustainable development, conservation of natural resources, and resilience to environmental changes. This interdisciplinary field draws on insights from ecology, sociology, economics, geography, anthropology, and other disciplines to address complex environmental challenges and promote a more harmonious relationship between human societies and the natural world.